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Is EC Private Key Secure
This section discusses the question of: how secure is the EC (Elliptic Curve) key pair? Or how hard is it someone to figure out the private key from a given EC public key?
2025-09-06, ∼485🔥, 1💬

Examples of Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP)
This section describes the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) in several Abelian Group examples, including elliptic curve groups.
2022-10-01, ∼477🔥, 0💬

Elliptic Curves with Singularities
This section describes elliptic curves with singularities where curves are not smooth.
2022-10-01, ∼469🔥, 0💬

How to Calculate "M**e mod n"
This section discusses the difficulties of calculating 'M**e mod n'. The intermediate result of 'M**e' is too big for most programming languages.
2022-10-04, ∼466🔥, 0💬

mcrypt Library for PHP
This section describes the mcrypt library - encryption extension for PHP. mcrypt supports DES and many other encryption algorithms.
2019-12-19, ∼466🔥, 1💬

OpenSSL Validating Certificate Path
This chapter provides tutorial notes and example codes on certificate path validation with OpenSSL. Topics include introduction of certificate path; certificate path validation rules; generating and validating a certificate path.
2022-10-04, ∼461🔥, 0💬

Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP)
This chapter provides an introduction to the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP), which is the reverse operation of the exponentiation operation in Abelian Groups in multiplicative notation, or the scalar multiplication in additive notation. The DLP in many Abelian Groups is easy to solve. But the DLP ...
2022-10-01, ∼459🔥, 0💬

AES, or Rijndael, Encryption Algorithm
A quick description of the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption algorithm is provided. This description only covers AES encryption for a single block of 128-bit plaintext with a 128-bit cipher key.
2022-10-04, ∼458🔥, 0💬

DLP and Trapdoor Function
This section exams the difficulty level of the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) in several Abelian Group examples to see if them can be used to build trapdoor functions.
2022-10-01, ∼457🔥, 0💬

Elliptic Curve Subgroups
This chapter provides notes on subgroup generation from reduced elliptic curve groups, Ep(a,b). Python programs are provided to perform point addition, scalar multiplication, and subgroup generation.
2022-10-01, ∼445🔥, 0💬

Modular Addition of 10 - Abelian Group
This section provides an Abelian Group using the modular arithmetic addition of 10 (integer addition operation followed by a modular reduction of 10).
2022-10-01, ∼442🔥, 0💬

Archived Tutorials
This chapter contains some outdated tutorial notes and example codes from previous versions of this book.
2022-10-06, ∼440🔥, 0💬

Summary - Migrating "keystore" Keys to "OpenSSL"
This section describes high level steps on how to migrate a private key generated in a JKS (Java KeyStore) file to an 'OpenSSL' key file. The key step is to convert a JKS file into a PKCS#12 file with 'keytool'.
2016-04-09, ∼435🔥, 1💬

Order of Subgroup and Lagrange Theorem
This section describes Lagrange Theorem which states that the order of any subgroup in an finite Abelian group divides the order of the parent group.
2022-10-01, ∼431🔥, 0💬

Algebraic Description of Elliptic Curve Addition
This section provides an algebraic description of the problem of calculating the addition operation defined on an elliptic curve.
2022-10-01, ∼430🔥, 0💬

What Is Cyclic Group
This section describes Cyclic Group, which is a finite Abelian group that can be generated by a single element using the scalar multiplication operation in additive notation (or exponentiation operation in multiplicative notation).
2022-10-01, ∼429🔥, 0💬

What Is Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP)
This section describes what is Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP), which is the reverse operation of an exponentiation (or scalar multiplication) operation in an Abelian group.
2022-10-01, ∼424🔥, 0💬

Reduced Elliptic Curve Groups
This chapter provides notes and tutorials on reduced elliptic curve groups. Topics include elliptic curve on in integer space; elliptic curves and the addition operation reduced by modular arithmetic; elliptic curve groups and examples.
2022-10-01, ∼424🔥, 0💬

Niels Henrik Abel and Abelian Group
Abelian Groups are named after early 19th century mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.
2022-10-01, ∼422🔥, 0💬

PKCS#8 and X.509 Key Encoding Classes
This section describes 2 JDK classes: PKCS8EncodedKeySpec representing the PKCS#8 encoding standard and the X.509 encoding standard.
2022-10-05, ∼419🔥, 0💬

What Are Standard Elliptic Curves
This section provides a list of standard elliptic curves selected and recommended by different organizations to generate secure EC private-pubic key pairs.
2022-10-01, ∼419🔥, 0💬

Algebraic Solution for Point Doubling
This section provides an algebraic solution for calculating the addition operation of two points at the same location on an elliptic curve.
2022-10-01, ∼415🔥, 0💬

Additive Notation of Abelian Group
This section describes the Additive notation of an Abelian Group. The addition sign, +, is used as the operator. Number 0 is used as the identity element.
2022-10-01, ∼415🔥, 0💬

Introduction of RSA Algorithm
This chapter provides tutorial notes and example codes on RSA public key encryption algorithm. Topics include illustration of public key algorithm; proof of RSA encryption algorithm; security of public key; efficient way of calculating exponentiation and modulus; generating large prime numbers.
2022-10-13, ∼413🔥, 0💬

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