Elliptic Curves Reduced by Modular Arithmetic

This section describes elliptic curves reduced by modular arithmetic of prime numbers. We can find lots of more integer points on those reduced elliptic curves.

From previous sections, we see that finding integer points on elliptic curves are difficult. For example, there are only 4 valid integer points on the elliptic curve of (a,b) = (1,4):

Elliptic curve:
   y2 = x3 + x + 4

Integer points on the curve in the range of < (1000000, 31622303)
   (x, y) = (0, 2)
   (x, y) = (0, -2)
   (x, y) = (4128, 265222)
   (x, y) = (4128, -265222)

One way to increase the number of valid integer points is to relax the elliptic curve equation with the modular arithmetic reduction, which can be defined as:

Element Set:
   All P = (x,y), such that:
      y2 = x3 + ax + b (mod p)
   where:
      a and b are integers
      p is a prime number
      4a3 + 27b2 != 0
      x and y are integers

Now let's see if we can find more integer points on this relaxed elliptic curve using (a,b) = (1,4) and p = 23 as an example:

Elliptic curve:
   y2 = x3 + x + 4 (mod 23)

Or let l be the left hand side value,
and r be the right hand side value:
   l = y2 (mod 3)
   r = x3 + x + 4 (mod 23)
   l = r

To find all integer points, we can use the following algorithm:

1. Build the y-to-l map to find all unique values for the left hand side l, using y in (0, 1, 2, ..., 22) only. Other values of y will not generate any new l values, because of the modular reduction of 23.

Possible values of l = y2 (mod 23):
   l = 0*0 mod 23 = 0
   l = 1*1 mod 23 = 1
   l = 2*2 mod 23 = 4
   l = 3*3 mod 23 = 9
   l = 4*4 mod 23 = 16
   l = 5*5 mod 23 = 2
   l = 6*6 mod 23 = 13
   l = 7*7 mod 23 = 3
   l = 8*8 mod 23 = 18
   l = 9*9 mod 23 = 12
   l = 10*10 mod 23 = 8
   l = 11*11 mod 23 = 6
   l = 12*12 mod 23 = 6
   l = 13*13 mod 23 = 8
   l = 14*14 mod 23 = 12
   l = 15*15 mod 23 = 18
   l = 16*16 mod 23 = 3
   l = 17*17 mod 23 = 13
   l = 18*18 mod 23 = 2
   l = 19*19 mod 23 = 16
   l = 20*20 mod 23 = 9
   l = 21*21 mod 23 = 4
   l = 22*22 mod 23 = 1

So, we have a list of unique l values of: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18.

2. Build the x-to-r map to find all unique values for the left hand side r, using x in (0, 1, 2, ..., 22) only. Other values of x will not generate any new l values, because of the modular reduction of 23.

Possible values of r = x3 + x + 4 (mod 23):
   r = (0*0*0 + 0 + 4 ) mod 23 = 4
   r = (1*1*1 + 1 + 4 ) mod 23 = 6
   r = (2*2*2 + 2 + 4 ) mod 23 = 14
   r = (3*3*3 + 3 + 4 ) mod 23 = 11
   r = (4*4*4 + 4 + 4 ) mod 23 = 3
   r = (5*5*5 + 5 + 4 ) mod 23 = 19
   r = (6*6*6 + 6 + 4 ) mod 23 = 19
   r = (7*7*7 + 7 + 4 ) mod 23 = 9
   r = (8*8*8 + 8 + 4 ) mod 23 = 18
   r = (9*9*9 + 9 + 4 ) mod 23 = 6
   r = (10*10*10 + 10 + 4 ) mod 23 = 2
   r = (11*11*11 + 11 + 4 ) mod 23 = 12
   r = (12*12*12 + 12 + 4 ) mod 23 = 19
   r = (13*13*13 + 13 + 4 ) mod 23 = 6
   r = (14*14*14 + 14 + 4 ) mod 23 = 2
   r = (15*15*15 + 15 + 4 ) mod 23 = 13
   r = (16*16*16 + 16 + 4 ) mod 23 = 22
   r = (17*17*17 + 17 + 4 ) mod 23 = 12
   r = (18*18*18 + 18 + 4 ) mod 23 = 12
   r = (19*19*19 + 19 + 4 ) mod 23 = 5
   r = (20*20*20 + 20 + 4 ) mod 23 = 20
   r = (21*21*21 + 21 + 4 ) mod 23 = 17
   r = (22*22*22 + 22 + 4 ) mod 23 = 2

So, we have a list of unique r values of: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22.

3. Find all common values of l and r:

Possible common values of l and r:
   l = r in {2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 18}

4. Find all integer points (x,y), where x and y in {0, 1, 2, ..., 22} for each common value of l = r using the y-to-l map and the x-to-r map:

For l = r = 2:
   (x, y) = (10, 5)
   (x, y) = (10, 18)
   (x, y) = (14, 5)
   (x, y) = (14, 18)
   (x, y) = (22, 5)
   (x, y) = (22, 18)

For l = r = 3:
   (x, y) = (4, 7)
   (x, y) = (4, 16)

For l = r = 4:
   (x, y) = (0, 2)
   (x, y) = (0, 21)

For l = r = 6:
   (x, y) = (1, 11)
   (x, y) = (1, 12)
   (x, y) = (9, 11)
   (x, y) = (9, 12)
   (x, y) = (13, 11)
   (x, y) = (13, 12)

For l = r = 9:
   (x, y) = (7, 3)
   (x, y) = (7, 20)

For l = r = 12:
   (x, y) = (11, 9)
   (x, y) = (11, 14)
   (x, y) = (17, 9)
   (x, y) = (17, 14)
   (x, y) = (18, 9)
   (x, y) = (18, 14)

For l = r = 13:
   (x, y) = (15, 6)
   (x, y) = (15, 17)

For l = r = 18:
   (x, y) = (8, 8)
   (x, y) = (8, 15)

Total of 28 points!

Comparing this results with previous tutorial, we can see that reduced elliptic curves have many more integer points than original elliptic curves.

Table of Contents

 About This Book

 Geometric Introduction to Elliptic Curves

 Algebraic Introduction to Elliptic Curves

 Abelian Group and Elliptic Curves

 Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP)

 Finite Fields

 Generators and Cyclic Subgroups

Reduced Elliptic Curve Groups

 Converting Elliptic Curve Groups

 Elliptic Curves in Integer Space

 Python Program for Integer Elliptic Curves

Elliptic Curves Reduced by Modular Arithmetic

 Python Program for Reduced Elliptic Curves

 Point Pattern of Reduced Elliptic Curves

 Integer Points of First Region as Element Set

 Reduced Point Additive Operation

 Modular Arithmetic Reduction on Rational Numbers

 Reduced Point Additive Operation Improved

 What Is Reduced Elliptic Curve Group

 Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E23(1,4)

 Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E97(-1,1)

 Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E127(-1,3)

 Reduced Elliptic Curve Group - E1931(443,1045)

 What Is Hasse's Theorem

 Finite Elliptic Curve Group, Eq(a,b), q = p^n

 Elliptic Curve Subgroups

 tinyec - Python Library for ECC

 EC (Elliptic Curve) Key Pair

 ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) Key Exchange

 ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm)

 ECES (Elliptic Curve Encryption Scheme)

 EC Cryptography in Java

 Standard Elliptic Curves

 Terminology

 References

 Full Version in PDF/EPUB